1079 matric suction, reflecting improved water retention behaviour and increased effective stress, is shown in Figure 3. The combined mechanical and microstructural evidence confirms that Duraflex functions as a stabilization enhancer by refining pore structure, strengthening interparticle bonding, and improving longterm matrix integrity. These findings support its suitability for durable ground improvement applications where strength retention and reduced permeability are critical. Figure 81- Nitrogen adsorption−desorption BET isotherm of sample S, SC, and SCD (Khan & Shrive, 2026a) Figure 82- The soil-water characteristic curve of S, SC, and SCD compacted samples (Khan & Shrive, 2026a)
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