1119 substantive control or benefits for indigenous communities. Daly et al. (2025), in examining the planning of oil sands closure, demonstrate how classic land use planning frameworks do not adequately capture indigenous peoples' relationships with the land and risk marginalizing their ancestral knowledge systems. The studies agree that participation alone is not enough. Without legal recognition of rights, authority, and long-term governance functions, communities—especially indigenous and native populations—continue to be consulted rather than involved in decision-making. 2.5 post-mining transitions, inequality, and new extractive processes There is significant critical literature that places post-mining transitions within broader politicaleconomic dynamics. Post (2024) and Dunlap (2024) extend this critique by arguing that post-extraction and green transitions can perpetuate extractivist logic through new forms of resource use, such as tourism, renewable energy, and conservation infrastructure. Technical studies exploring climate-oriented land reuse, such as photovoltaic installations or blue and green infrastructure in post-mining areas (Xiao et al., 2025; Kantor, 2025), demonstrate significant mitigation potential. However, these studies largely abstract governance issues related to land control, benefit distribution, and social acceptance. As a result, the literature reveals a paradox: the more ambitious the postmining transition, the greater the risk of new forms of territorial injustice emerging if governance frameworks are lacking. Table 2. Main approaches and limitations identified in the literature on post-mining transition. DIMENSION ANALYSED CURRENT APPROACHES IDENTIFIED LIMITS Post-mining land use (PMLU), territorial scaling, and regional approach Development of models that integrate environmental, economic, and social variables. Decision-making legitimacy is assumed, and authority, regulatory hierarchy, and binding mechanisms (governance) are not defined. Evidence that restoration requires long-term management and adaptive decisions The law tends to treat restoration as a final state, not as a continuous management regime. Identification of persistent hazards that affect land reuse Risk is treated as a technical variable, not as a legal decision. Recognition of cumulative effects and the need for regional coherence in post-mining transitions. The regional approach is not considered within land use planning. Closure regulation, environmental responsibility, and green transitions Progress in progressive closure, financial guarantees, and the path to release from liability. Focus on environmental risk; little attention to territorial governance and future uses. Quantification of mitigation potential (MP, blue-green infrastructure) in post-mining areas. Risk of new forms of extractivism without legal safeguards. Social dimension, community participation, and territorial rights Recognition of the social impact of closure and the need for early participation Participation is usually consultative, without any real redistribution of decision-making power. Identifying the limits of “comprehensive” regulation to ensure indigenous justice. Absence of legal frameworks ensuring control, co-management, or territorial benefits. Evidence of the reproduction of inequalities in post-extractive investments (case: informal/illegal mining). Lack of distributive justice criteria in post-mining planning. Source: Prepared internally based on a comparative review of the literature.
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