1205 HO_Z =44 rr ;; @? ;; ll OO (1) where NIR = Near-infrared spectral band in satellite images; RED = Red spectral band in satellite images. HOQZ =n n ; ; l l l l 4 4 @ ? 4 4 r r ; ; (2) where NIR = Near-infrared spectral band in satellite images; GREEN = Green spectral band in satellite images. In the context of tailings dam monitoring, photo interpretation refers to the systematic visual examination of satellite imagery to evaluate the condition, structural integrity, and environmental effects of tailings facilities. Satellite data provide a view of large areas and enable the observation of spatial changes and developments around the dam over extended time periods. A key application of photo interpretation is the identification of temporal changes. Through the comparison of recent images with archival datasets, variations in dam morphology, surface characteristics, and surrounding land use can be detected and quantified. Photo interpretation is commonly integrated with complementary data sources, including in situ monitoring measurements, geological and geotechnical information, and GIS, to support the assessment of dam conditions. This integrated approach enhances the reliability of interpretations and improves the understanding of potential risks and environmental impacts. As a result, photo interpretation serves as an effective method for visually assessing dam performance, identifying anomalies, and supporting environmental impact evaluation. When used in conjunction with other monitoring techniques and expert analysis, it contributes significantly to the safe operation and sustainable management of tailings dams. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are an essential component of tailings dam monitoring, providing advanced capabilities for the storage, analysis, and visualization of spatially referenced data. GIS enables the integration of diverse datasets, such as topographic information, geological layers, satellite imagery, and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) data, within a unified analytical framework. In addition, GIS facilitates the management and analysis of historical records related to dam operation, maintenance activities, and inspection results. This temporal perspective supports the assessment of long-term performance, the identification of trends, and the evaluation of dam stability. 5. RESULTS AND ANALYSES As a result of the processing workflow illustrated in Figure 2, all 51 satellite images (Table 1) from the 1975–2025 time series were processed.
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