1342 continues to form the backbone of India’s base-load capacity, underscoring the need for responsible and sustainable coal mining practices rather than abrupt phase-out approaches (Ministry of Coal, 2024). Coal India Limited (CIL), as the world’s largest coal-producing company, contributes approx 80% of India’s domestic coal production. The scale and geographical spread of CIL’s operations across multiple coal-bearing states make its environmental footprint nationally significant. Consequently, the environmental performance of CIL has direct implications for air quality, land use, water resources, and community wellbeing, positioning the company as a critical stakeholder in India’s sustainable development agenda (Ministry of Coal, 2024). Company Wise Production of Raw Coal during last ten years (MT) in India is shown at Figure 85. Coal India Limited (CIL) continues to operate underground (UG) mining as an essential component of its production portfolio, particularly for deep-seated and coking coal reserves. As of FY 2024–25, CIL operates 129 underground mines out of a total of 310 mines, contributing approximately 25.44 million tonnes to total coal production. Although UG mining accounts for a relatively smaller share compared to opencast operations, it remains strategically important due to lower land disturbance, reduced surface displacement, and improved social acceptability. The Annual Report highlights ongoing mechanisation initiatives in underground mines, including the deployment of continuous miners, longwall technology, and high-capacity shearers, aimed at enhancing productivity, safety, and resource recovery. Advanced mine surveillance systems, real-time monitoring, and safety-focused digital interventions are being progressively integrated to mitigate operational risks and improve occupational health and safety performance (Coal India Limited, 2025). Production of Coal from Opencast Coal Mine and Underground Coal Mine during last ten years (MT) in India shown at Figure 86. Figure 85 – Company Wise Production of Raw Coal during last ten years (MT) in India In response to emerging environmental, regulatory, and operational challenges, Coal India Limited (CIL) has progressively mainstreamed sustainability within its strategic and operational decision-making processes. Environmental considerations are systematically embedded across mine planning, project appraisal, and routine operations through the implementation of structured Environmental Management Plans (EMPs), progressive mine closure and reclamation strategies, and the adoption of cleaner, energy0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23 2023-24 2024-25 538.75 554.14 567.37 606.89 602.13 596.22 622.63 703.2 773.806 781.056 639.22 657.87 675.41 728.72 730.87 716.09 778.21 893.19 997.826 1047.523 Company Wise Production of Raw Coal during last ten years (MT) in India SCCL Other / Captive CIL Total
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