1541 Table 1. Operator Guidance Rules and Corresponding Feedback Rule Category Operational Condition Trigger Threshold Guidance Message Usability Rationale Overspeed Detection Vehicle speed exceeds the recommended optimal speed * %&''(> optimal +5km/h Reduce speed for safety and fuel efficiency. Provides immediate riskaware feedback, helping operators avoid unsafe driving and excessive fuel consumption without requiring interpretation of numerical speed limits. Underperformance Identification Vehicle speed is significantly below the recommended optimal speed under safe conditions * %&''(< optimal −5km/h Increase throttle to improve cycle time. Encourages productivity improvement through simple, actionable advice while maintaining operator autonomy and situational awareness. Harsh Braking Behavior Excessive brake application is detected /012'_&45 > 80% Avoid harsh braking to reduce tire wear. Promotes smoother driving behavior, reducing mechanical wear and operator fatigue through behavior-focused coaching rather than punitive alerts. High-Difficulty Road Segment Steep road grade combined with heavy payload 901('> 8%and 1&510:;<1( > t Maintain controlled speed on steep incline. Reinforces safe driving practices in high-risk conditions by contextualizing guidance based on both environmental and loadrelated factors. Notes: The thresholds shown in Table 1 are configurable and can be adjusted based on site-specific safety policies, vehicle characteristics, and operational constraints. To enhance usability and prevent cognitive overload, guidance messages are rate-limited and delivered at intervals of 5–10 seconds, ensuring that feedback remains timely yet nonintrusive. This design supports sustained operator attention, promotes gradual behavioral adaptation, and improves acceptance of automated decision-support systems. 2.7 Visualization on Operator’s cabin The implementation to enhance the cycletime performance in hauler cycle is done by developing the recommendation dashboard that installed on the fleet management system device cycle time target recommendations within the Hauler Fleet Management System (FMS). This feature provides operators with real-time guidance on the expected optimal cycle time based on operational conditions and production targets. By displaying clear and achievable cycle time benchmarks directly on the in-cab FMS unit, operators become more aware of their performance relative to the target. This increases operational discipline, reduces unnecessary delays during loading, hauling, dumping, and queuing, and encourages more consistent driving behavior.
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