1668 only as a regulatory obligation, but as an opportunity for value creation and territorial revitalization, consistent with international just‑transition principles. 5. CONCLUSIONS Mine closure planning faces the challenge of evolving from compliance‑focused approaches toward models that integrate risk management, early definition of future land uses, and long‑term environmental and social value creation. Within this context, human health and ecological risk assessment emerges as a key tool for the implementation of integrated mine closure, enabling informed design decisions that extend beyond the operational phase. The methodological framework presented in this paper demonstrates that the prospective application of staged risk assessments —across closure, post‑closure, and future‑use scenarios—enhances the identification of contaminants of concern, relevant receptors, and dominant exposure pathways. This staged approach strengthens the traceability of closure design decisions and supports the definition of verifiable, use‑specific closure success criteria. The results also confirm that risk is not an inherent property of a site, but a function of land use, highlighting the limitations of closure evaluations based solely on operational conditions. In the Peruvian context, integrating risk assessment into closure planning represents a high‑value decision‑support tool for both closure design and remediation planning. At the same time, it offers a practical pathway to address existing regulatory gaps, reduce technical and social uncertainty, and enhance closure legitimacy through structured community participation. This is particularly relevant in high‑Andean settings, where subsistence livelihoods, land‑use practices, and strong territorial dependence shape exposure scenarios and risk perception. Overall, the findings indicate that embedding risk assessment into mine closure planning facilitates a transition from closure strategies focused primarily on physical and chemical stability toward safe, functional, and socially accepted post‑mining landscapes. By aligning closure design with future land‑use scenarios and participatory processes, the proposed approach supports international just‑transition principles and positions mine closure as an opportunity for long‑term territorial revitalization rather than solely a regulatory obligation. REFERENCES Congress of the Republic of Peru. (2003). Law No. 28090, Law that regulates the closure of mines. Lima, Peru: El Peruano. Iles, M., & Rissik, D. (2022). Risk-based contaminant management: Ranger Mine case study. Perth, Australia: Australian Centre for Geomechanics. International Council on Mining and Metals. (2025). Integrated mine closure: Good practice guide (3rd ed.). London, UK: ICMM. International Finance Corporation. (2007). Environmental, health, and safety guidelines for mining. Washington, DC: IFC. International Finance Corporation. (2012). Performance standards on environmental and social sustainability. Washington, DC: IFC. Government of Western Australia, Department of Mines, Petroleum and Exploration. (2025). Guideline for preparing Mining Development and Closure Proposals. Perth, Australia: DMPE.
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