1840 METRHI, given that water governance processes are anchored both in national regulations and in the functional mandates assigned to ANA’s deconcentrated entities. Within this institutional pillar, the role of the San Gabriel Mining Project is framed by Buenaventura’s corporate policy on social responsibility and community relations, defined under an approach of shared social responsibility. Under this approach, the mining project assumes a catalytic role in development processes and social investment initiatives, as far as these are linked to strengthening the State’s role in territorial development. At the same time, mining is conceived as one actor among others, seeking to move beyond bilateral negotiation processes to participate in more holistic and integrated spaces that support water governance and management. Within such spaces, all actors play a collaborative role, exercising not only rights but also shared responsibilities within the framework of IWRM. Second, the technical pillar is primarily supported by the ALA Tambo Alto Tambo, which assumes an operational technical coordination role within METRHI. In practice, the ALA is responsible for promoting stakeholder engagement processes within the territory and for managing the administrative procedures required for the formal recognition of METRHI within the SNGRH. This includes the preparation of technical reports supporting the proposal, the review of administrative files, and the accreditation of METRHI members. In addition, the ALA contributes to the identification and proposed delimitation of the METRHI territorial scope based on hydrological, hydrographic, political, and social criteria. It also plays a key role in identifying local water-related challenges through workshops and interviews with local actors, which help guide METRHI’s short- and medium-term work agenda. Its role in documenting and systematizing METRHI meetings is also particularly relevant, especially through the preparation of meeting minutes that provide insight into how decisions are discussed and agreed upon by the plenary members. Another dimension within this technical pillar relates to a broader national challenge: information gaps at the local scale. In the case of METRHI, hydrographic and hydrological information is essential for identifying short- and medium-term water interventions. To address these gaps, studies have been conducted to improve the availability and quality of local information by leveraging the synergies enabled by METRHI among its members. This includes the integration of meteorological data from the National Meteorological and Hydrological Service (SENAMHI), the ANA, and the Buenaventura Mining Company, which has contributed to improving the quality of climatic data for the METRHI area. Finally, METRHI is an emerging process that has undergone an initial phase focused on awareness-raising, institutional setup, and formal establishment of this water governance and management mechanism. At the same time, the mining project located within the area of influence has been conducting exploration activities and is entering its initial operational phase. 4. CASE STUDY: METRHI The Tambo River basin is in southern Peru and forms part of the Pacific slope hydrographic system. Its territory extends between parallels 16°00′ and 17°15′ south latitude and between meridians 70°30′ and 72°00′ west longitude, covering an approximate area of 12,744.41 km². In the upper part of the basin, above 3,000 meters above sea level, the Vizcachas, Chilota, and Carumas rivers are located on the left bank, while the Coralaque, Paltature, and Ichuña rivers are located on the right bank. The METRHI operates within the Ichuña River basin, which constitutes the Ichuña hydrographic unit. The Ichuña hydrographic unit covers an area of 1,279.48 km², representing approximately 7.7% of the total area of the Tambo River Basin. Its elongated shape corresponds to a compactness coefficient of 2.18, which is associated with lower peak flows and a longer runoff duration. The average elevation of the Ichuña basin is 4,568 m a.s.l., and it is characterized by moderate relief with gentle slopes and a semi-arid climate. The Ichuña hydrographic unit comprises the districts of San Antonio (province and department of Puno) and Ichuña (General Sánchez Cerro province, Moquegua department). According to the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI), the population of the Ichuña district is projected to reach 2,676
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