1876 Where: }P = Cross-sectional area of the tendon. D = Diameter of the anchor bar. STEEL: 9C = D4 D2 D= :4E!D D= :4(106 HH" D ) = 11.6 ;; GRAPHENE: 9C = D4 D2 D= :4E!D D= :4(73 HH" D ) = 9.6 ;; 4.1.4 Verification of Anchor–Grout Slip <JKH = 6.9(=LM 22.5 ⁄ )2 3⁄ <JKH = 6.9(21?0@ 22.5 ⁄ )2 3⁄ =6.59 ?0@ L4, (:K.1P) ≤ SH)-1,2 Where: L4,= Factored nominal load of each anchor. 1P = Nominal perimeter of the tendon (π·D). }P = Cross-sectional area of the tendon. :K = Bond length (bulb length). SH)- = Ultimate bond stress between tendon and grout (MPa). àD+= 28-day compressive strength of grout (MPa). 4.1.5 Calculation of Allowable Soil Bond Strength @OBH = O#í$P3 @OBH = 0.124 RSO 1.65 @OBH = 75.2 60@ Where: k5,- = Allowable bond stress. kHí- = Ultimate bond stress. UZ =Partial factor depending on anchor type. 4.1.6 Verification of Pull-Out Failure STEEL: O4 =D+2 (VK) O4 = 11.6 ïï + 2 (20 ïï) = 51.6 ïï S%& (D.T%.U') ≤ @OBH BV ≥ S%& (O(&$.D.T%) ≥ (45 MA) 75.2 MSO (D)(0.0516 H) D $ ≥ E.F ' GRAPHENE: O4 =D+2 (VK) O4 = 9.64 ïï + 2 (20 ïï) = 49.6 ïï S%& (D.T%.U') ≤ @OBH BV ≥ S%& (O(&$.D.T%) ≥ (45 MA) 75.2 MSO (D)(0.0496 H) D $ ≥ E.G ' Where: O4 = Nominal diameter. D = Anchor bar diameter. VK = 20 mm grout cover (each side). :K = Bond length (bulb length). L4,= Factored nominal load per anchor. 5. RESULTS Graphene-based profiles, due to their lower density compared to steel, are significantly lighter. Furthermore, as chemically inert materials, they exhibit superior resistance to corrosion relative to steel. For geophysical studies, graphene profiles are transparent to EMI/RFI transmissions, whereas steel interferes with such signals. Although graphene itself is a conductive material, graphene-reinforced glass fiber (GFRP) profiles behave as low thermal conductors and are not electrical conductors in the same manner as steel. On
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