1982 Figure 135. Structured Transition from Conventional Operation to Remote Autonomous Drilling 2.2 Reference Framework for Autonomy Levels The methodology aligns with internationally recognized autonomy frameworks in which autonomy is understood as a spectrum of functional capabilities rather than a binary condition (Mining Guidelines Group, n.d.).Within this perspective, tele-operation and autonomy are structured into progressive levels that combine human supervision with automated execution. The implementation stages were associated with distinct functional autonomy levels: • Manual operation, where the operator directly controls the equipment from the cabin. • Tele-operation, where the equipment is remotely controlled while decision authority remains with the operator. • Supervised autonomy, where predefined drilling cycles are executed automatically under human supervision with intervention capability on demand. • Advanced remote operation, where supervision is performed from remote locations without direct line of sight. In the context of rotary blasthole drilling, these levels were interpreted in terms of operational responsibility distribution, supervision requirements, and intervention thresholds. This structured alignment enabled clearly defined implementation stages, validation criteria, and escalation controls governed by measurable operational and safety parameters.(Ramos et al., 2023) Figure 136. Automation Levels in Surface Mining Equipment (adapted From SAE J3016) 2.3 Progressive Transition Model The progressive transition model constitutes the core of the methodology. This model defines a sequence of operational stages that allow system performance, operational safety, and human–machine interaction to be validated under controlled conditions. Each stage includes specific objectives, validation criteria, and feedback mechanisms. Progression between stages is not driven solely by technological readiness, but by demonstrated evidence of operational stability, operator competency, and system reliability. In this way, the model functions as a control mechanism that reduces the likelihood of critical failures during the adoption of new operating modes. Figure 137. Progressive Autonomy Implementation Roadmap
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MTM0Mzk2