2173 4. DISCUSSION 4.1 Peru, a mining country The Peruvian economy depends directly on mining; “Peru is a mining country,” as evidenced by the evolution of GDP per capita and copper production in the last 100 years in Peru, shown in Figure 2, where we clearly see three defined stages: The first stage, up to 1967, shows constant economic and mining growth with private investment, and prior construction of large infrastructures such as the Central Railway, the Central Highway, hydroelectric plants, the La Oroya Metallurgical Complex and others, based on the mining potential, particularly in the center of the country, with the awakening of copper, with mining explorations in the north, center and south of the country. As a second stage, this growth was unfortunately interrupted in 1968 by a statist and nationalist model, which led Peru to its greatest economic, social, environmental, and political crisis by the end of 1990, as detailed in the Central Reserve Bank of Peru's (BCRP) publication "The Great Depression of the Peruvian Economy." This publication highlighted the significant economic losses caused by public enterprises, corruption, bureaucracy, and a lack of investment (BCRP, 2015, p. 92). In other words, by 1990, Peru was on a completely different path, contrary to the Sustainable Development model promoted by the United Nations since 1987. As a third stage, the new government that began in 1990 embraced the opportunity presented by the global agenda promoted by the United Nations. A change in policy was necessary, shifting towards a "Social Market Economy," including the free market and the promotion of private investment under the global agenda of risk management and sustainable development—principles consolidated in the new Political Constitution of Peru, in force since 1993. Figure 2 – Peru, a mining country 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 PREPARATION STAGE WITH PRIVATE INVESTMENT (Infrastructure and Growth) SOCIAL MARKET ECONOMY / PRIVATE INVESTMENT (Global Agenda - Sustainable Development) UN: SD Rio Summit SDGs World Summit Washington Consensus / OECD Las Bambas Army Coup Covid’19 Antamina Quellaveco Toromocho The Great Depression in Peru GDP Per Capita (Thousands of S/) Copper (Millions TMF) Southern Peru Copper Corporation Toquepala Cuajone Cerro de Pasco Copper Corporation Marcona Mining Tintaya Cerro Verde Cobriza Antapaccay Constancia Justa Mine Corona Cerro Verde 2 Terrorism Ampliaciones Cuajone y Tintaya Cerro Verde 1 Toquepala 2 The Great World Depression GLOBAL AGENDA 2050 Fall of the Berlin Wall PUBLIC COMPANIES (STATE) (Bureaucracy, regression)
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MTM0Mzk2