Conference Proceedings - World Mining Congress 2026

2191 network evidence presented here serves not only to map current trade architecture, but to inform export strategy design, bilateral negotiation positioning, infrastructure planning, and mineral governance coordination in the context of critical mineral markets. REFERENCES Alessandri, E. (2021). Innovation and trade patterns in the Latin American mining sector. Working Paper No. 2103, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Department of Economics, Society & Politics. Aguinaga, M. V. (2024). Dynamics of Peru’s position in the global copper ore trade: A social network analysis. Master’s thesis, Seoul National University. https://s-space.snu.ac.kr/handle/10371/209793 Atakhanova, Z., Howie, P., Madani, N. et al. Productive capacities and exports of critical minerals: the case of copper. Miner Econ (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13563-025-00521-x Biancardi, A., D’Adamo, I., Santibanez-Gonzalez, E. D. R., & Bascur, J. F. V. (2025). A flexible and circular management of copper in Chile: New perspectives toward sustainable development. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 26(4), 813–837. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40171-025-00464-w Blondel, V. D., Guillaume, J. L., Lambiotte, R., & Lefebvre, E. (2008). Fast unfolding of communities in large networks. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, 2008(10), P10008 Botto, M. (2022). The challenges of economic integration in Latin America: Searching for consensus in contexts of globalization. The case of MERCOSUR (1991–2019). In The Reconfiguration of Twenty-first Century Latin American Regionalism. Routledge. Casanova, C., Xia, L., & Ferreira, R. (2016). Measuring Latin America’s export dependency on China. Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies, 9(3), 213–233. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCEFTS-08-2016-0022 de Tomi, G., Loredo, G., & Santos, V. (2023). Minerales críticos y estratégicos en Brasil: Una agenda de soberanía y de clima. Fernandez, E. (2024). Papel clave de América Latina en la provisión de materias primas críticas. Boletín Económico de ICE, 3177. https://doi.org/10.32796/bice.2024.3177.7875 Federico, L., Mounim, A., D’Urso, P., & De Giovanni, L. (2024). Complex networks and deep learning for copper flow across countries. Annals of Operations Research, 339(1–2), 937–963. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-023-05419-x Gázquez, L. (2023). Prioridades internas y política exterior en América Latina: El papel de la dependencia económica en las relaciones con China, Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea. Sociales Investiga, 16, 102–110. Hulianskyi, O. (2025). The Evolution of Global Gold and Copper Trade Networks. Northeast Journal of Complex Systems (NEJCS), 7(2). https://doi.org/10.63562/2577-8439.1112 Infante-Amate, J., Urrego-Mesa, A., Piñero, P., & Tello, E. (2022). The open veins of Latin America: Long-term physical trade flows (1900–2016). Global Environmental Change, 76, 102579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102579 International Energy Agency (IEA). (2025). Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025. IEA, Paris.

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