2207 trends. Continuous real-time monitoring was complemented by seismic tomography to support the identification of anomalous zones and critical areas within the rock mass. System performance was evaluated based on predefined criteria, including detection speed, accuracy of alert activation, clarity of risk communication, and operator response time. Additional evaluation metrics included system stability during continuous operation and user acceptance, assessed through direct feedback from underground personnel interacting with the alert interface. Figure 1 presents a schematic description of the Traffic Light System and the associated data flow. 3.5 System Architecture The early warning system architecture is structured into four interconnected domains: the underground mine, users, data center, and transmission network. • Underground Domain: High-precision microseismic sensors are connected to transformers and uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems, feeding programmable logic controllers (PLCs) that activate visual and audible beacons when predefined risk thresholds are exceeded. • User Domain: The SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) interface is accessible through physical and virtual human–machine interfaces (HMIs), enabling both local and remote monitoring using event-driven logic. • Data Center: The AOS platform processes seismic moment, probable magnitude, and Gutenberg–Richter b-values, integrating geospatial parameters such as altitude and spatial coordinates for advanced interpretation.
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