2269 source-sink proximity (<100 km) validates the existence of a "Mining-Geothermal Cluster" optimizing transmission CAPEX via dedicated interconnection. 2. Dual Development Strategy: Two strategic autonomous development poles are defined: the Moquegua-Tacna Hub, where Calientes and Tutupaca fields supply the Toquepala-CuajoneQuellaveco block (<60 km) ; and the Arequipa Hub, where the Achumani Project consolidates as the optimal intra-regional solution for Cerro Verde decarbonization. 3. Energy Security (Base Load): Geothermal is the only renewable source capable of supplying Firm Power with a Plant Factor >95%. This stability is indispensable for 24/7 continuous processes (comminution, ventilation), eliminating the need for costly storage systems (BESS) required by solar/wind intermittency. 4. Thermal Value Added (Direct Uses): Integrates thermodynamic solutions for the Puna. Direct use of residual heat optimizes heap leaching kinetics, concentrate drying, and camp climatization, merging energy efficiency with circular economy. REFERENCES • Ballantyne, G. R., & Powell, M. S. (2014). Benchmarking comminution energy consumption for the processing of copper and gold ores. Minerals Engineering, 65, 109–114. • Bayer, P., Rybach, L., Blum, P., & Brauchler, R. (2013). Sustainability assessment of geothermal energy. Energy Policy, 59, 168–174. • Bertani, R. (2010). Geothermal power generation in the world 2005–2010 update report. Geothermics, 40(1), 83–143. • BHP. (2020, 1 de septiembre). Breaking the water-energy nexus at Escondida. BHP News. • Center for Strategic and International Studies [CSIS]. (2023). Turning Up the Heat on Geothermal Energy Development in Latin America. CSIS Analysis. • Cruz, R. (2014). Exploración geológica y evaluación del potencial geotérmico en el sur del Perú [Tesis de pregrado]. Universidad Nacional de San Agustín (UNSA). • DiPippo, R. (2016). Geothermal Power Plants: Principles, Applications, Case Studies and Environmental Impact (4.ª ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. • Faulds, J. E., Hinz, N. H., Coolbaugh, M. F., Shevenell, L. A., & Siler, D. L. (2017). Play Fairway Analysis of Geothermal Resources in the Great Basin Region, USA. Proceedings of the 42nd Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford University. • FocusEconomics. (2014). Peru: El Niño impact on energy sector. LatinFocus Consensus Forecast. • Gehringer, M., & Loksha, V. (2012). Geothermal Handbook: Planning and Financing Power Generation. World Bank. • Gonzales, H. E. (2025). Exploración del potencial geotérmico en el Perú: Integración de métodos geofísicos e inteligencia artificial. Universidad Nacional de San Agustín. • Huttrer, G. W. (2021). Geothermal power generation in the world 2015–2020 update report. Geothermics, 96, 102172. • Imubit. (2025). Strategies to Optimize Energy Management in Mining. Imubit Blog. • Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico [INGEMMET]. (2021). Evaluación del potencial geotérmico del Perú: Zona geotermal Vilacota-Ancocollo, Tacna [Informe Técnico]. • Inter-American Development Bank [IDB]. (2021). Unlocking Geothermal Potential in Latin America and the Caribbean (Technical Note No. IDB-TN-2134). • International Institute for Sustainable Development [IISD]. (2023). The critical minerals strategy: Managing the transition for resource-rich countries. • International Renewable Energy Agency [IRENA]. (2023). Geothermal Power: Technology Brief. • Japan International Cooperation Agency [JICA]. (2012). Master Plan for Development of Geothermal Energy in Peru (Final Report). Ministerio de Energía y Minas del Perú. • Lund, J. W., & Toth, A. N. (2021). Direct utilization of geothermal energy 2020 worldwide review. Geothermics, 96, 102179. • Matek, B., Gawell, K., & Levine, A. (2016). The value of geothermal energy to the grid. Geothermal Energy Association (GEA).
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