2396 it complicates the identification of the affected population. From the perspective of livelihood resilience, it is an elegant solution: it reduces vulnerability to localised droughts, crop pests, market fluctuations, and climatic changes. Extended kinship networks are the instrument through which multilocality operates. A single census-registered household in a village may simultaneously maintain: siblings in the city in formal employment, relatives on the altiplano herding flocks, cousins in a temperate zone working commercial crops, and grandmothers in the village coordinating reciprocal labour (ayni, minka) that binds the entire network. The youngest member who migrates to the city maintains ties through monetary contributions and seasonal returns. The pattern of multi-month residence at different locations throughout the year is rational— it is not poverty or disorder; it is social architecture. This territorial system is invisible to methodologies that capture a single “census household.” When a family is registered in the village, what is lost includes: (1) the high-altitude herding activities of a sibling; (2) the cultivation rights of a sister in the intermediate zone; (3) the water and forest access agreements negotiated by an aunt in another community; and (4) the shop of a cousin in the city that generates income financing communal ritual practices. Resettlement that “compensates” the visible dwelling but not these dispersed assets effectively destroys the livelihood system years after the fact. Table 1 – Comparison of Assumptions: Conventional Resettlement vs. Andean Multilocality Dimension Conventional Assumption Andean Multilocal Reality Methodological Implication Unit of analysis Census household (residence) Extended kinship network (3–5 locations) Ethnography + SNA Time frame Static snapshot (census year) Cyclical annual patterns 12+ month observation Critical territory Residential plot only Dispersed (grassland, crops, water, forest) Multilocational mapping Functional networks Not assessed Ayni/minka = subsistence insurance Social network analysis Compensation approach Asset-based (land, cash) Multidimensional (access, reciprocity, identity) Wellbeing Framework Conflict risk Assumed low postcompensation High if territorial system not addressed Early LOM integration 4. AN INTEGRATED METHODOLOGY: FOUR COMPLEMENTARY LAYERS We propose a methodology organised in four sequential and complementary layers, each producing operational products that directly feed into mine planning and financial decision-making. 4.1 Rapid Ethnographic Assessment Focused on achieving a deeper understanding of the sociocultural context, the first layer deploys ethnographers to comprehend how communities manage their territory and the rationale underlying multilocality. Unlike census enumerators who visit once, ethnographers accompany families through seasonal productive activities—planting, harvesting, herding movements, ceremonial cycles—over a period of three to four months. The product is a comprehensive territorial use map that identifies all locations where the community maintains productive, social, or ceremonial activities, their seasonal temporality, and their relative importance for household subsistence. This assessment does not replace the census but rather calibrates it, revealing what the conventional baseline captures and what it omits. 4.2 Kinship Network Analysis Overlaid on GIS The second layer applies Social Network Analysis techniques to kinship data, constructing matrices of inter-family obligations and resource exchange relationships. When overlaid on Geographic Information
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