2485 according to the operational nature of the deposit. Not all metals generate the same type of productive linkage. 6.3.1. The Copper Multiplier (Infrastructure Linkage) Because large-scale copper mining is a massive earthmoving industry (open pit), its real multiplier is estimated to be in the upper range of the average (> 7.5). This is because it activates 'heavy' value chains: • Civil Construction: Creation and maintenance of high-tonnage access roads. • Energy and Metalworking: Massive demand for transmission lines and maintenance of heavy fleets. This type of linkage leaves behind a 'physical asset' in the territory (roads, electrical grids) that benefits other industries. 6.3.2. The Gold Multiplier (Consumption Linkage) By contrast, gold mining (especially underground or vein mining) tends to have a multiplier more closely linked to consumption and services (~4.0 - 5.0). Although it generates high fiscal revenue (canon), its logistical operation is less invasive and, therefore, demands less development of shared public infrastructure. Its impact is concentrated in local commerce and personal services, which, while boosting the economy, do not necessarily close structural gaps in territorial competitiveness as copper does. Table 3 - Comparison: Multiplier Ekect by Metal vs. IPE Study (2017) Metal / Deposit Type Estimated Multiplier (Jobs/Economy) Operational Rationale (Justification) General Average (IPE) 6.25 Base reference point. Weighted average mixing all techniques. This is the anchor value of the IPE study Copper (Open Pit) ~ 7.5 - 9.0 Maximum logistical impact. Moves millions of tons of waste material. Requires railways, dedicated ports, heavy-load highways, and massive transmission lines (e.g., Cerro Verde, Las Bambas) Iron Ore ~ 7.0 - 8.0 High volume. Similar to copper in terms of mass transport logistics (bulk), but with less chemical processing complexity at the mine site (e.g., Marcona) Polymetallic (Zinc, Lead, Silver) ~ 5.5 - 6.5 Medium Impact. Generally located in the Central Highlands (Pasco, Junín). Combines underground and medium-sized open-pit mining. Uses existing shared infrastructure (Central Railway) rather than building new assets Gold (Disseminated/Open Pit) ~ 5.0 - 6.0 Medium Volume. (e.g., Yanacocha). Moves earth, but the final product (doré bars) is transported by helicopter or armored truck; does not require massive trains or ports Silver / Gold (Vein/Underground) ~ 3.5 - 4.5 High Value / Low Volume. Classic underground mining. Intensive in direct labor but has low demand for new public infrastructure. Impact is concentrated in local consumption 6.3.3. The Spectrum of Polymetallic and Iron Ore Mining Between the extremes of Copper and vein Gold, we find polymetallic mining (Zinc, Lead, Silver), typical of Peru’s Central Highlands. Its multiplier effect is estimated to oscillate around the sectoral average (~6.0) because, while it demands industrial inputs, it often operates on already existing logistical infrastructure (such as the Central Railway), without the urgent need to open new territorial corridors.
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