2507 institutional independence. 2.3 Technology transfer, ecological transition, and SDGs Technology transfer is a fundamental component of mining innovation, as it enables scientific knowledge to be translated into practical solutions for industry and society (OECD, 2019). In the ecological transition, effective transfer mechanisms are essential for implementing cleaner technologies, improving energy efficiency, and promoting circular economic practices. International experience shows that clear regulatory frameworks for intellectual property, publicprivate partnerships, and knowledge sharing are critical to successful technology transfer (Amburle et al., 2022). When these frameworks are absent or ambiguous, research results often fail to reach the application stage, limiting their impact on sustainability and climate goals. With regard to the SDGs around which the research revolves, it should be noted that the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is established as one of the regulatory frameworks with the greatest impact on public policy formulation. In this regard, in the mining and innovation fields, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) contribute to better guiding knowledge governance with a focus on public value, sustainability, and social legitimacy. The following SDGs are relevant to the study: - SDG 9 (innovation, industry, and infrastructure): This goal recognizes innovation as a fundamental pillar of sustainable development. In this sense, mining research centers can be understood as critical institutional infrastructure for the innovation system, whose academic autonomy and financial independence are basic conditions for the development of technologies that improve operational efficiency, reduce negative environmental impacts, and strengthen the sector's competitiveness. - SDG 12 (responsible consumption and production): This generates a qualitative approach to innovation, as it guides research towards efficiency in the use of resources (non-renewable in this case: minerals), waste reduction, and the circular economy. For regulatory purposes, this implies establishing guidelines for technology transfer that prioritize the dissemination of environmental innovations and avoid contractual barriers that limit their public impact. - SDG 13 (climate action): Strengthen the strategic role of mining research as a tool for climate policy. Such is the case with the decarbonization of mining processes and the provision of critical minerals, aspects that depend not only on mining operations and reserves themselves, but especially on scientific and technological capabilities that can only be strengthened through research centers with long-term agendas that are well aligned with the country's mining and energy policy. - SDG 17 (Partnerships for the goals): This goal provides a regulatory framework for achieving partnerships and collaboration with the state, academia, and mining companies. This is relevant as long as partnerships are forged based on clear rules, transparency, and safeguards for academic autonomy, avoiding conflicts of interest and strengthening the social legitimacy of innovation. The consideration of the SDGs in this research serves as a criterion that allows for better structuring of mining knowledge governance, thus enabling proposals to be aligned with the science, technology, and innovation regime, in clear accordance with mining policy, the green transition, and the sustainable management of critical minerals. 3. METODOLOGY The research adopts a qualitative, legal-institutional, and comparative approach, focused on analyzing knowledge governance in the mining sector in the context of the green transition and the growing demand for critical minerals. First, a systematic regulatory analysis is carried out of the Peruvian legal framework applicable to science, technology, and innovation (STI), mining policy, academic autonomy, and technology transfer. This analysis focuses exclusively on those provisions that directly or indirectly affect the creation, operation, and
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