2533 Early implementation • Are participation processes representative, transparent and documented? • Have elite capture risks been effectively mitigated? • Are grievances resolved promptly and fairly? Midline • Are institutions resolving disputes and delivering benefits equitably? • Are inclusion risks being mitigated? Endline/Close • Has inclusive governance delivered trust, legitimacy, and equitable outcomes? B) Economics and Behaviours Key assumption: Economic, social, and cultural incentives will motivate lasting behavioural change away from unsustainable practices. Underlying assumptions: • Incentives are credible, accessible, and perceived as more beneficial than current practices, considering different segments of the population (e.g., gender, age, socio-economic status). • Communities perceive benefits as outweighing risks and costs, including short-term transition costs and uncertainties. • Cultural, social, and political norms do not block adoption of new practices or can be adapted through inclusive processes. The table below outlines the key questions to ask and the information to collect at each stage of the project to test these assumptions: Phase Key Questions Pre-feasibility and feasibility • What are the current financial and non-financial benefits of unsustainable practices (income, risk hedging, status, convenience)? • What is the level/percentage of reliance on natural resources for basic subsidence needs? • Are illicit or illegal markets and networks influencing community behaviours and creating competing incentives? • Are there examples of success from conservation interventions in the project area or country? Design and planning • Are proposed incentives credible and more attractive than current practices for distinct segments of the population (women/men, youth/elders, land-poor/landed)? • Are incentives timely and reliable enough to influence decisions in agricultural/forest/fishing calendars? • Has the time needed for behavioural changes been assessed, and how does it compare to ecological benefit timelines? • How do communities perceive risks and benefits of change? Do cultural and social norms support adoption, or are there conflicts with formal/informal rules? • Who are the norm influencers or leaders who can legitimize change – and who can veto it? Could incentives be captured by elites or gatekeepers? • Does the project team have the capacity to monitor behavioural change and adapt strategies? Early implementation • Are behaviour changes occurring and spreading within social networks? Are there network effects accelerating diffusion, or fragmentation that stalls it? Are there unintended consequences or leakage (including shifts to illegal markets)? Midline • Are changes sustained? Are leakage or displacement risks eroding net gains? • Are illicit networks exerting continued pressure on behaviours? Endline/Close • Did behaviour change persist and aggregate to desired outcomes?
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