305 anchored research prototype. While it establishes a measurable and practical baseline, production augmented-reality systems for mining extend beyond this framework through alternative positioning architectures designed to overcome infrastructure and accuracy limitations inherent in GNSS-dependent approaches. 2. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE AND METHODOLOGY 2.1. System Overview and Operational Concept The proposed system is designed to provide real-time, spatially accurate visualization of ore grade information directly at the mine face in open-pit operations. It integrates augmented reality (AR) smart-glass technology with centimeter-level positioning provided by a Real-Time Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite System (RTK GNSS). The core objective is to enable mine engineers and operators to visually interpret grade control boundaries such as low-grade, medium-grade, high-grade, and waste zones directly on the bench surface, aligned with their real-world surroundings. Unlike conventional grade control workflows that rely on printed maps or handheld screens, this system delivers a hands-free, immersive visualization experience. Digital ore-grade polygons are rendered in the operator’s field of view, allowing immediate interpretation of grade boundaries without the need for mental translation between digital models and physical terrain. This approach supports faster decisionmaking during excavation, reduces cognitive load, and improves ore-waste discrimination under dynamic field conditions The system operates as a closed-loop framework in which positioning, data processing, and visualization are continuously synchronized. Figure 1 illustrates the overall architecture and data flow, from RTK GNSS positioning through the mobile integration hub to the smart-glass display. Figure 1. System overview illustrating data flow from the RTK GNSS base station through the rover, processing unit, and mobile integration hub to the smart glass display visualization pipeline. 2.2. End-to-End Data Flow and System Integration The system architecture consists of five primary components operating in a continuous data flow loop: an RTK GNSS base station, an RTK GNSS rover, a microcontroller-based communication bridge, a mobile computing integration hub, and a wearable smart-glass display as shown in Figure. 1. The RTK GNSS base station is deployed at a surveyed reference coordinate within the mine site and continuously transmits differential correction messages in RTCM format. These correction signals are received by the RTK GNSS rover, which simultaneously tracks satellite observations and processes carrier-phase measurements to compute real-time geodetic positioning. The rover outputs navigation data including latitude, longitude, ellipsoidal height, satellite status, and positioning quality indicators. A compact microcontroller-based communication bridge provides the interface between the rover and the mobile computing unit. The rover
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