KEYWORDS Digitalization, Fuel Efficiency, Carbon Emissions, Operational Optimization, Sustainability Metrics. 1. INTRODUCTION Digital transformation in mining has significantly improved operational efficiency, energy performance, and environmental outcomes (Lazarenko et al., 2021). Among these technologies, Fleet Management Systems (FMS) enable real-time monitoring and optimization of heavy equipment fleets through data-driven analytics, supporting both productivity gains and carbon reduction objectives in energy-intensive mining operations (Huo et al., 2023). Recent studies highlight that digital tools aligned with Industry 4.0 are increasingly valued not only for cost and productivity benefits but also for their role in sustainability and decarbonization strategies (Don et al., 2025). Accordingly, FMS represents a strategic enabler for integrating operational excellence with environmental performance in modern mining practices. In Indonesia, ESG integration in gold mining is increasingly recognized for boosting operational performance and energy efficiency (Anaraki & Afrapoli, 2023). FMS are pivotal in optimizing loading and hauling, directly impacting production and fuel use, yet adoption remains uneven (Hazrathosseini & Moradi Afrapoli, 2024; Rai et al., 2021). ESG-driven investments, especially among listed companies, correlate with higher financial performance, and evidence suggests that combining strong ESG practices with effective FMS enhances both operational and financial outcomes (Jovita, 2023). On-going regulatory gaps, diverse stakeholder interests, and the absence of standardized ESG frameworks highlight the need for tailored strategies to accelerate FMS adoption and sustain efficiency and sustainability gains. FMS have become a key digital enabler in mining, providing real-time fleet monitoring, data-driven decision-making, and automation to enhance productivity, fuel efficiency, and environmental performance (Destian Sitorus et al., 2024). Studies show FMS adoption can boost productivity up to 14.6%, reduce idle and cycle times, lower fuel consumption, and cut CO₂ emissions by 20–30% through advanced dispatching and optimization (Zhang et al., 2021). FMS also improves safety via operator monitoring and enhances asset coordination across mining, construction, and logistics (Huo et al., 2024). However, empirical evidence from Indonesia is scarce, particularly in comparative analyses of FMS versus non-FMS contractors under similar conditions (Both & Dimitrakopoulos, 2020). Local regulatory, workforce, and site-specific factors are often overlooked, limiting relevance to Indonesia’s decarbonization and sustainable mining goals (Cox et al., 2022). This study fills that gap by comparing Indonesian mining contractors’ performance on productivity, fuel efficiency, and CO₂ emissions under FMS and non-FMS operations, offering context-specific insights to support evidence-based digitalization strategies in Southeast Asia (Soares et al., 2024). This study addresses a critical research gap concerning the absence of quantitative, contractor-level comparative analyses conducted under homogeneous operational conditions in the Indonesian gold mining sector (Ozdemir & Kumral, 2019). While existing studies broadly examine productivity and efficiency gains from digital technologies, limited attention has been given to the sector-specific implications of FMS implementation in mining operations (Zvarivadza et al., 2024). This study contributes novel insight by simultaneously evaluating productivity, fuel
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