equipment indicate better fleet matching and system-wide efficiency rather than isolated equipment gains. (a) (b) Figure 4 - Truck and Digger Productivity Charlie: (a). Truck, (b). Digger Figure 5(a) shows that Bravo recorded a higher average Match Factor (1.13) than Alpha (0.88), indicating greater truck queuing and fleet imbalance. Figure 5(b) demonstrates that Charlie’s MF decreased and stabilized after FMS implementation, declining from 1.20 - 1.59 preFMS to 1.06–1.08 post-FMS, reflecting improved fleet alignment and reduced idle time through digital dispatch optimization. (a) (b) Figure 5 - Fleet Match Factor: (a) Trend comparison between alpha and bravo, (b) Charlie trend Figure 6(a) shows that Bravo recorded a higher average fuel consumption ratio (0.33 L/ton/km) than Alpha (0.22 L/ton/km) from August 2023 to February 2025, indicating superior fuel efficiency under FMS-enabled operations. Figure 6(b) demonstrates that Charlie’s fuel ratio declined markedly following FMS implementation, decreasing from 0.95–0.85 in the pre-FMS period to 0.79 in September and 0.69 in October, representing a 27% improvement. These results confirm that FMS adoption substantially reduces fuel intensity per ton-kilometer, with direct implications for cost and emission reduction. (a) (b) Figure 6 - Fuel Ratio per Kilometer: (a) Trend comparison between alpha and bravo, (b) Charlie trend Figure 7 shows that FMS-enabled operations exhibit weaker correlations between productivity and fuel ratio than non-FMS operations, indicating more stable fuel efficiency. This
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