deficiency by introducing a smart glass-based mining visualization system that synchronizes digital ore models with the operator’s physical perspective of the mine bench utilizing centimeterlevel RTK GNSS positioning. By enabling real-time, contextually aware visualization of ore grade information directly within the operator’s line of sight, the proposed system substantially advances the feasibility of grade control from a retrospective analytical endeavor into an active operational undertaking. The methodology diminishes cognitive burden, augments situational awareness, accelerates decision-making cycles, and promotes more precise ore-waste differentiation at the bench. Ultimately, this research contributes to the advancement of more efficient, safer, and digitally integrated open-pit mining practices and lays a pragmatic foundation for future digital twin-enabled and AI-assisted grade control systems. It is important to note that the positioning approach presented in this study represents a GNSS-anchored research prototype. While it establishes a measurable and practical baseline, production augmented-reality systems for mining extend beyond this framework through alternative positioning architectures designed to overcome infrastructure and accuracy limitations inherent in GNSS-dependent approaches. 2. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE AND METHODOLOGY 2.1. System Overview and Operational Concept The proposed system is designed to provide real-time, spatially accurate visualization of ore grade information directly at the mine face in open-pit operations. It integrates augmented reality (AR) smart-glass technology with centimeter-level positioning provided by a Real-Time Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite System (RTK GNSS). The core objective is to enable mine engineers and operators to visually interpret grade control boundaries such as low-grade, mediumgrade, high-grade, and waste zones directly on the bench surface, aligned with their real-world surroundings. Unlike conventional grade control workflows that rely on printed maps or handheld screens, this system delivers a hands-free, immersive visualization experience. Digital ore-grade polygons are rendered in the operator’s field of view, allowing immediate interpretation of grade boundaries without the need for mental translation between digital models and physical terrain. This approach supports faster decision-making during excavation, reduces cognitive load, and improves ore-waste discrimination under dynamic field conditions The system operates as a closed-loop framework in which positioning, data processing, and visualization are continuously synchronized. Figure 1 illustrates the overall architecture and data flow, from RTK GNSS positioning through the mobile integration hub to the smart-glass display.
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