Figure 2: Conceptual bench-level augmented reality ore-grade visualization in an open-pit mine. A fixed RTK GNSS base station provides spatial reference, while a field unit consisting of an RTK GNSS rover, microcontroller, portable power supply, and mobile computing hub enables smart glasses to display color-coded ore-grade polygons directly overlaid on the active bench. Table 1: System components and their functional roles in the proposed bench level AR grade visualization and control. Component Role Key Function RTK GNSS Base Reference station Broadcast corrections RTK GNSS Rover User positioning Centimeter accuracy Processing Unit Data bridge GNSS parsing & Bluetooth Mobile Hub Processing Coordinate transformation & Calibration Smart Glass Visualization AR display The mobile unit also executes the augmented-reality rendering workflow within a Unitybased visualization framework and streams the rendered spatial scene to the wearable display. Finally, the wearable smart-glass interface presents the processed visualization directly within the operator’s field of view. Color-coded ore-grade polygons representing low-grade, medium-grade,
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