Figure 4: Conceptual bench-level AR ore-grade visualization using RTK-GNSS and smart-glass integration. 3.3 System Performance Considerations and Operational Implications System-level evaluation focused on positional stability, drift behavior, and practical suitability for mining operations. Statistical comparison of positioning error demonstrated significant drift reduction after cumulative correction (Mann–Whitney U test, p < 0.01), with corrected RTK-based alignment achieving approximately 0.46 m cumulative spatial error as shown in Figure 5 and Table 3. The alignment accuracy reported in this study reflects the performance ceiling of GNSS-anchored positioning within this research prototype. The observed 0.46 m residual error represents accumulated spatial misalignment within the augmented-reality visualization pipeline rather than a limitation of positioning technology itself. Augmented-reality alignment drift remains an active area of development, and emerging correction approaches continue to reduce residual error. Accordingly, production systems incorporating such methods should not be directly evaluated against the baseline performance reported here.
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