extensometer convergence monitoring Remote sensing Satellite InSAR (PS-InSAR, DInSAR) Line-of-sight, East - West and Vertical displacement (mm), velocity (mm/yr), deformation time series Periodic (6–12 day revisit for satellite) Environmental / Hydrology Rain gauges, flow meters Precipitation (mm), flow rate (l/s) Automated (real-time) Vibration / Seismic Accelerometers, geophones, blast vibration monitors Peak particle velocity (mm/s), peak ground acceleration (g), frequency content (Hz) Event-triggered Field inspections Tablet-based digital forms, photographic records Visual condition assessment, crack mapping, seepage observations Manual (periodic inspections) Data acquisition from automated instruments is performed by field data loggers that collect readings at intervals ranging from 10 minutes for critical piezometers in TSF embankments to 6 hours for settlement plates in stable areas. Data loggers transmit to LoRaWAN gateways deployed across the mine site, which forward data via MQTT over TLS to the cloud-hosted platform. Manual readings—including portable inclinometer traverses, standpipe piezometer dip measurements, and field inspection data—are entered through mobile applications with offline capability and synchronized upon connectivity restoration. 5.2 Implementation The platform was implemented following the staged roadmap proposed in Section 3. The MVP phase (months 1–6) established the centralized data repository, ingesting historical databases from spreadsheets and legacy systems accumulated over 25 years of operation. Basic dashboards and static threshold alerts were configured according to the existing TARP for each Instrument Category, with email and SMS notifications distributed to the responsible geotechnical engineers for each monitored zone. The advanced capabilities phase (months 6–18) progressively introduced multi-variable correlation dashboards correlating rainfall, pore-water pressure, and displacement across critical sections; satellite InSAR layer integration with time-series deformation visualization per persistent scatterer point and interpolation methods for spatial characterization; automated PDF report generation at configurable intervals (daily, weekly, monthly) for compliance and management review; API endpoints enabling integration with the mine’s ERP system and third-party analytics tools; and self-service BI dashboards allowing geotechnical engineers to create custom visualizations without IT intervention.
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