Track 2: Process Innovation, Circularity and Recovery

REFERENCES Bailey, L.K. and Peters, E., (1976). Decomposition of pyrite in acids by pressure leaching and anodization: the case for an electrochemical mechanism. Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 15(4), 333–344. Brown, P.L., Hackl, R.P. and Grocott, S.C., (2020). Heap leaching. US Patent 10,526,685 B2, Technological Resources Pty. Limited. [Appl. No. 16/154,276; filed Oct. 8, 2018] Burley, A., (2022). Quoted in: Rio Tinto's Nuton ready to leverage its leaching R&D legacy. International Mining, October 14, 2022. Available at: https://im-mining.com/2022/10/14/rio-tintos-nuton-ready-toleverage-its-leaching-rd-legacy/ Burley, A.J., Alcayaga Zuñiga, J. and Mladinic Muñoz, Y.A., (2022). Method of processing a pyrite-containing slurry. US Patent 11,286,540 B2, Rio Tinto Technological Resources Inc. [Appl. No. 16/944,379; filed Jul. 31, 2020] Cartagena Fagerström, A.H., Urrejola Santa María, C., Guajardo Contreras, N.S., Román Espinoza, A.E. and Bórquez Martínez, F.M., (2025). System and process for progressive refractory ore transformation for copper leaching. US Patent 12,435,389 B2, Ceibo Inc. [PCT/US2024/033545; WO2024/258924] Chibwana, C.C., (2024). Oxidative nitrate heap leaching process. PCT International Publication WO2024057216A1, BHP Chile Inc. [PCT/IB2023/059066, published March 21, 2024] Dixon, D.G. et al., (2018). Process for leaching metal sulfides with reagents having thiocarbonyl functional groups. PCT International Publication WO2018072029A1, The University of British Columbia. Dixon, D.G., Olvera Olmedo, O., Asselin, E., Ghahremaninezhad, A. and Ren, Z., (2024). Process for leaching metal sulfides with reagents having thiocarbonyl functional groups. European Patent Application EP 4 461 833 A1, Jetti Resources, LLC. Fennel, M.J., Hackl, R.P., Brown, P.L., Burley, A.J., Alcayaga Zuñiga, J. and Mladinic Muñoz, Y.A., (2022). Metal recovery by leaching agglomerates of metal-containing material/pyrite. US Patent 11,236,407 B1, Rio Tinto Technological Resources Inc. [Appl. No. 16/944,487; filed Jul. 31, 2020] Ghahremaninezhad, A., Dixon, D.G. and Asselin, E., (2012). Kinetics of the ferric-ferrous couple on anodically passivated chalcopyrite (CuFeS₂) electrodes. Hydrometallurgy, 125–126, 42–49 Ghahremaninezhad, A., Dixon, D.G. and Asselin, E., (2013). Electrochemical and XPS analysis of chalcopyrite (CuFeS₂) dissolution in sulfuric acid solution. Electrochimica Acta, 87, 97–112. Technology Resistances targeted Mixed potential effect Key operating conditions Representative metrics Status management); sustained cathodic branch via Fe³⁺ regeneration branch; high T destabilizes passive regime oxidation); proprietary organisms; standard acidic heap conditions testing ~84% under Nuton conditions (NI 43101, 2025)

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