The process configuration and associated emissions remain constant between the R&R and R&R-MP scenarios, as both involve similar collection, transport, and treatment of electronic boards; therefore, the identified hotspots are representative of both cases. For the BAU model, a comparable stage-level disaggregation of emissions is not available within the scope of this study. Nevertheless, it is well established in the literature that energy use, particularly fuel consumption associated with material transport and extraction activities, constitutes the dominant source of GHG emissions in conventional mining systems. Consequently, differences in carbon footprint per kilogram of recovered metal between BAU and R&R-based scenarios are primarily driven by structural differences in energy intensity and allocation effects rather than by changes in the processing stages themselves. Figure 1 – GHG emission hotspots and source contribution in the R&R system. 4.2. Carbon Footprint by Metal Supply Model
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