pyrometallurgical reduction of the residue to separate iron and concentrate titanium, with hydrometallurgical extraction of Ti from the resulting slag, followed by production of Ti metal powder via advanced techniques (e.g. ultrasonic spray pyrolysis and hydrogen reduction of Ti compounds). By using secondary raw materials, EURO-TITAN addresses both waste valorization and supply security of Ti, potentially meeting up to 30% of global Ti demand from these sources (EURO-Titan web page). Moreover, the process aims for 90% lower CO₂ footprint than the traditional Kroll process for Ti (which relies on carbonintensive chlorination and magnesium reduction) (www.euro-titan.eu). Figure 1 - Schematic view of the EURO-TITAN process. In this work, we are focusing on the use of thermodynamic modelling to guide process development. Rather than rely solely on empirical trial-and-error (which can be costly and time-consuming given the high temperatures and caustic materials involved), the consortium employed advanced equilibrium modelling tools to predict how BR and titania slag will behave during reduction and leaching. In particular, the Perple_X software (Connolly, 2005) was used to calculate stable phase assemblages’ fields as a function of temperature, pressure, and oxygen fugacity for the complex multi-oxide composition of these residues. This approach allowed to forecast mineral phase evolution under various scenarios, for example, identifying the temperature at which iron oxides would reduce to metal, or whether titanium would remain as TiO₂, form CaTiO₃ perovskite, or reduce to metallic Ti or carbides under certain conditions. In previous research performed, complementary equilibrium calculations were performed using FactSage™ for selected reactions (Stopic et al., 2024). The use of Perple_X (an open-source thermodynamic modelling software traditionally applied in
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