where FSA represents the froth surface area at the top of the cell, and TSA represents the area at the bottom of the cell. According to this equation, a larger froth surface area directly corresponds to a lower level of crowding, therefore decreasing the collection potential of valuable minerals. To ensure efficient production with these bigger cells, new designs to meet the increased parameters of froth surface area were needed (Vallejos et al. 2022). This challenge was addressed by Coleman (2009), and Brito-Prada and Cilliers (2012), by designing launder configurations to improve froth transportation. After that, new launder configurations were designed to further improve the process performance. Nowadays, after many new launder designs, the installation of center launder has proven to most significantly improve process performance, compared to other launder configurations. 2.2 Efficient Froth Management through Different Flotation Modernizations Launders are used to collect and transport froth from the top of the cell, whereas the crowders are used to direct the froth towards the launder lip (Brito-Parada and Cilliers 2012). The optimal combination of these two is important, as the increased crowding improves the stability of froth, and enhanced collection of valuable minerals enables higher collection recoveries (Metso 2021). There are various launder designs available, including internal, external, transversal, radial, and center launders. A cone crowder, typically installed at the center of the cell, is commonly integrated into many launder designs to enhance froth direction. In addition, to further optimize flotation performance, a spider crowder upgrade can be installed above the center launder. Each of these designs is tailored to improve the efficiency of froth collection in mechanical flotation cells. (Jera et al. 2021) Fig. 4 illustrates these different crowder and launder designs. Figure 4 – Different launder and crowder designs. The ongoing need to improve froth zone parameters for better froth collection led to the development of new and more efficient launder and crowder arrangements. The type of selected launder design depends not only on type but also the size and the duty of the flotation cell. Transverse launders include two parallel launders on top of the cell, whereas internal and external launders include peripheral launder arrangement either inside or outside the cell wall. Radial launders, therefore, include several launders towards the center of the cell, dividing the froth surface area of the cell into smaller sectors. (Jera et al. 2021) Double internal launder design therefore includes two internal launders, one inside the cell wall and one in the center of the cell to divide the froth surface area into two sections. To further enhance froth direction towards the launder, a froth crowder was implemented at the center of the cell to boost froth transportation.
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