grades and increasing demand. Consequently, the profitability of these investments is expected to stay high, even with smaller recovery improvements. In conclusion, center launder upgrade has proved to very effectively increase the recovery of valuable minerals by confronting the challenges in current flotation circuit performance. The significant improvements in froth surface parameters increased both profitability and controllability of the current operation. Furthermore, the potential decreases in energy consumption contribute to more environmentally friendly operation. REFERENCES Bermudez G, Amelunxen P, Medina M, Taylor M, Dube R (2021) Copper and molybdenum recovery increased by upgrading flotation cells with center launders at Hudbay Constancia. SME Annual Meeting, Denver, pp 1–5 Bermudez G, Perkins T, Sorensen R, Smith C, Bartsch J, Moyo J, Dobe R, Brändström M (2022) Froth launder modification in 300-m² flotation cells at Kennecott Copperton concentrator. SME Annual Meeting, Salt Lake City, pp 14–24 Bermudez G, Gallimore M, Jalili A, Frausto JJ (2023a) Decarbonizing existing flotation circuits. Presented at the Past Convention 2023, Metso Outotec Bermudez G, Jalili A, Cardoso C, Gallimore M (2023b) Decarbonization of operative flotation cells. Flotation '23, November 6–9, 2023, Cape Town, South Africa, Metso Outotec Bermudez G, Jalili A, Cardoso C (2024) Optimizing froth zone in larger flotation cells through innovative Spider Crowder Upgrade (in press) Brito-Parada PR, Mesa D, Karvonen J, Grau R, Davoise D, López A (2020) Froth zone design optimisation – the key to enhancing recovery in large flotation cells. The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 11 pp Brito-Prada P, Cilliers J (2012) Experimental and numerical studies of launder configurations in a two-phase flotation system. Minerals Engineering 36:119–125 Cochilco (2026), Comisión Chilena del Cobre, Informe de Tendencias del Mercado del Cobre, Cuarto Trimestre 2025, Proyecciones 2026-2027, DEPP 01/2026, RPI N° 2026-A-1312. Coleman R (2009) Flotation cells: selecting the correct concentrate launder design. Filtration and Separation 46(6):36–37 Corona-Arroyo M, Bermudez G, Dube R, Jalili A (2021) Recent advances in flotation cell froth management. In: Proceedings of the Canadian Institute of Mining Virtual Convention and Expo, pp 3–6
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