- Real-time data validation - Timestamp synchronization - Preliminary filtering - Temporary buffering through a store-and-forward mechanism Given the intermittent connectivity conditions typical of open-pit mining operations, this edge layer ensures data continuity and historical integrity. By preserving operational telemetry locally during communication interruptions and synchronizing once connectivity is restored, the architecture safeguards traceability and strengthens data governance principles. 4.3 Industrial Connectivity Infrastructure The third layer corresponds to the industrial wireless network, designed to provide secure, low-latency communication between mobile drilling units and centralized servers. The transport infrastructure supports high-frequency telemetry transmission while maintaining compliance with industrial cybersecurity frameworks. This layer enables continuous operational visibility without compromising control network isolation, ensuring that digital transformation does not introduce additional systemic risk. Reliable connectivity acts as the enabling backbone that transforms mobile drilling units into connected nodes within a broader intelligent mining ecosystem. Each drill was equipped with: - LTE CPE device - Industrial Ethernet switch - Industrial computer - Secure Ethernet connection to PLC The architecture ensured strict cybersecurity isolation between the control network and external communication layers. Figure 2 – Field-level data acquisition architecture via private LTE network
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