Track 2: Process Innovation, Circularity and Recovery

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors acknowledge the support of their organisations and colleagues. This work reflects collaboration between Metso and the University of Queensland, combining operational and academic perspectives to develop a technically grounded and practical approach. REFERENCES 1. Napier Munn, T. (2015). Is progress in energy efficient comminution doomed? Minerals Engineering, 73, 1–6. 2. Norgate, T., & Haque, N. (2010). Energy and greenhouse gas impacts of mining and mineral processing operations. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18(3), 266–274. 3. IEA (2025). Electricity 2025 - Emissions. International Energy Agency. 4. Ember (2024). Global Electricity Review 2024. Ember Climate 5. European Commission. Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD). 6. European Commission (2023). European Sustainability Reporting Standard (ESRS) E1: Climate Change. 7. ICMM. Scope 3 Emissions Accounting and Reporting Guidance. 8. Segura Salazar, J., Lima, F.M., & Tavares, L.M. (2019). Life Cycle Assessment in the minerals industry: Current practice and integration with process simulation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 232, 174–192. 9. ISO 14040:2006. Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework. 10. ISO 14044:2006. Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Requirements and guidelines. 11. Azadi, M., Northey, S., Ali, S.H., & Edraki, M. (2020). Transparency on greenhouse gas emissions from mining to enable climate change mitigation. Nature Geoscience, 13, 100–104. 12. Kanchibotla, S., Valery, W., & Morrell, S. (1999). Modelling and simulation of integrated mine-to-mill optimisation strategies. In Proceedings of the 6th Mill Operators’ Conference. AusIMM. 13. Abbaspour, H., & Drebenstedt, C. (2023). Truck–Shovel vs. In Pit Crushing and Conveying Systems in Open Pit Mines. Logistics, 7(4), 92. 14. Lessard, J., de Bakker, J., & McHugh, L. (2014). Development of Ore Sorting and Its Impact on Mineral Processing Economics. Minerals Engineering, 58, 119–126. 15. Powell et al. (2006). The Selection and Design of Mill Liners. 16. Runge, K. C., Tabosa, E., & Holtham, P. (2014). Integrated optimisation of grinding and flotation circuits. In Proceedings of the 12th AusIMM Mill Operators’ Conference 2014 (pp. 77–84).

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