Figure 2-Diagram for the sensitivity analysis for the CB-GES energy storage efficiency. The second most influential contributors to round trip efficiency are the mechanical efficiency (representing cumulative resistances in belt, idlers, pulleys, and material interaction) and the material-handling losses associated with loading/unloading, pile interaction, and transfer inefficiencies. This outcome is substantially intuitive since when frictional losses rise, a larger portion of gravitational potential is dissipated as heat, reducing both discharge output and roundtrip performance. Conversely, technological improvements that reduce rolling resistance through belt material selection, optimized idlers, and improved bearing design can substantially improve storage performance, as supported by experimental and analytical work on conveyor energy consumption (Bajda & Hardygóra 2021; Kulinowski et al., 2021). Power output sensitivity shows a different order as indicated in Figure 3. While higher vertical drop increases the available gravitational power, the strongest scaling occurs with mass throughput, which is governed by the product of belt speed and material load m,qv. Increasing either v or q therefore raises both charging demand and regenerative output, enabling higher power ratings from a single conveyor line. However, regenerative operation requires that the downslope component of weight exceeds conveyor resistances thus, a minimum slope is needed to remain in generating mode. This condition is consistent with experience from downhill regenerative conveyors, where the transition between motoring and generating depends on inclination and resistance state. 100 0.6 0.9 0.07 230 1000 2 300 0.91 0.95 0.03 660 4 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.46 0.50 0.54 0.58 0.62 Vertical drop per 1000m of length Mechanical efficiency Motor/generator efficiency (90-95%) Loss factor due to material handling Material Load (kg/m) Conveyor Length (m) Belt Speed (m/s) Storage efficiency (round trip)
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