This dispersion, observed both in the temporal evolution and in the distribution of differences, confirms the existence of limitations in sampling representativeness and in capturing the actual dynamics of the transported ore. These limitations are mainly associated with time delays, discrete sampling, and blending processes. In this context, the implementation of an online measurement system is projected as a key tool to reduce this gap by providing continuous and representative information of the material. Internal experiences in other areas of the Division have generated strong interest in this technology due to its ability to improve traceability and consistency across different data sources. Its integration is expected to enable better alignment between geological and metallurgical domains, strengthening the reliability of mine–plant reconciliation and reducing uncertainty in grade estimation. 4.3 Expected Operational Impact The integration of the LIBS system into control platforms (PI System) will allow grade measurements to be incorporated as a real-time operational variable. Based on this capability, the following benefits are expected: continuous visualization of feed quality, more timely decision-making in response to grade variations, and the generation of historical data for performance analysis and reconciliation. In particular, this information is expected to support the optimization of critical process variables such as reagent dosing, pH control, and flotation stability, contributing to a more stable and efficient operation. 4.4 Potential Economic Impact The economic impact associated with improved grade accuracy is highly significant, even for small variations in copper grade. The difference between mine-reported grades and those reconciled in the metallurgical balance allows estimating the potential economic value to be captured in terms of additional recoverable copper, based on the quantification of the incremental metal associated with variations in feed grade, according to the following formula: ( ) = ( ∆ 100 ) 2205 (1) This calculation considers processed tonnage, grade deviation expressed as a fraction ( ∆ 100 ), metallurgical recovery ( ), and copper market price ( ). This approach is consistent with standard methodologies used in the mining industry for production valuation and economic assessment of grade and recovery deviations (Lane, 1988; Czaplicki, 1992). This relationship enables direct quantification of the economic impact of improving mine– plant reconciliation, demonstrating that small variations in grade translate into significant value generation opportunities. In this context, a 0.01% improvement in copper grade corresponds to approximately USD 1.4 million per 1.7 Mt of processed ore, assuming a metallurgical recovery of 90% and a reference copper price of approximately USD 4.0/lb. The calculation is based on a conversion factor of 2,205
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