102 mining operations. 3.2 Specific Objectives • To analyze the geotechnical and hydrogeological mechanisms governing the performance of In-Pit TSFs. • To compare the risk profile of In-Pit TSFs with that of conventional surface tailings facilities. • To evaluate the effectiveness of hydraulic containment as the dominant design principle. • To identify key technical criteria supporting decision-making and early integration into life-of-mine planning. 3.3 Scope of the Paper The scope of this paper focuses on the engineering and technical aspects controlling the feasibility, safety, and long-term performance of In-Pit TSFs. The analysis covers all stages of the facility life cycle, including planning, operation, closure, and post-closure, within a risk-based design framework. The study is based on generalized engineering practices and representative conditions of hard rock open-pit mining. No site-specific or proprietary data are used, although the discussion is informed by operational experience and established technical literature. Environmental, regulatory, and economic aspects are considered only insofar as they influence engineering decisions and risk mitigation strategies. Detailed process design and jurisdiction-specific regulatory analyses are beyond the scope of this paper. 3.4 Conference Theme and Industry Relevance This paper directly aligns with key conference themes related to: • Safe, resilient, and sustainable tailings management • Structural reduction of catastrophic risk in mining systems • Innovation in engineering design and risk-based decision-making • Early integration of closure and sustainability considerations into mine planning By presenting a comprehensive technical framework for In-Pit TSFs, this contribution offers new ways of thinking and acting that move beyond incremental improvements to conventional tailings facilities. The approach supports the development of tailings management systems that build trust, enable transformation, and advance engineering practice toward a more sustainable future for the mining industry. 4. TECHNICAL BACKGROUND AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF IN-PIT TSFS 4.1 Tailings Management Risk Paradigm in Modern Mining Tailings management has become one of the most critical technical, environmental, and social challenges in modern mining. Conventional surface tailings storage facilities (TSFs),
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