105 Design acceptance criteria typically require higher FoS values for long-term static and pseudo-static conditions, reflecting the permanent nature of the facility (Hoek & Bray, 1981). Progressive tailings deposition leads to gradual loading and consolidation, allowing pore pressures to dissipate over time and reducing the likelihood of rapid instability mechanisms. 4.6 Coupled Hydro-Mechanical Behavior of Tailings Tailings behavior within an In-Pit TSF is governed by coupled hydraulic and mechanical processes, including consolidation, pore pressure dissipation, and strength gain. The one-dimensional consolidation behavior of tailings can be approximated using Terzaghi’s consolidation theory: ∂ ∂ = ∂2 ∂ 2 (4) where: = excess pore water pressure = time = vertical coordinate = coefficient of consolidation Thickened or dewatered tailings accelerate consolidation processes, enhance early strength development, and reduce the risk of liquefaction or flow failures, particularly under seismic loading (Been & Jefferies, 2015). 4.7 Alignment with International Tailings Standards The technical principles underlying In-Pit TSFs are strongly aligned with the Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management (GISTM), particularly with respect to: • Reduction of catastrophic failure potential • Elimination of extreme consequence scenarios • Risk-based design and decision-making • Integration of closure considerations from the earliest project stages By embedding these principles into the conceptual design of In-Pit TSFs, mining operations can move beyond compliance-driven approaches toward fundamentally safer tailings management systems (UNEP et al., 2020). 4.8 Summary of Technical Advantages From a technical perspective, In-Pit TSFs offer: • Lower stored potential energy • Enhanced hydraulic containment • Improved long-term geomechanical stability
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