109 Excess pore pressure buildup High deposition rates Controlled deposition, drainage Slope instability Elevated groundwater levels Depressurization wells, monitoring Seepage migration Hydraulic gradient reversal Water balance control Seismic-induced deformation Cyclic loading Conservative design, densification The inherent geometry of In-Pit TSFs reduces the likelihood of rapid, brittle failures, favoring progressive and detectable deformation mechanisms. 6.4 Hydrogeological and Environmental Performance Hydrogeological modeling demonstrates that In-Pit TSFs function as long-term hydraulic sinks when internal water levels are maintained below surrounding groundwater heads. Inward-directed flow vectors are maintained during both operational and post-closure conditions. This behavior significantly reduces the risk of contaminant migration and supports longterm environmental protection, provided that effective water balance management is maintained (Younger et al., 2002). 6.5 Operational Performance and Life-of-Mine Integration Early integration of In-Pit TSFs into mine planning enables optimization of: • Final pit geometry • Mining sequence and cutback design • Tailings deposition phasing • Closure landform configuration This integration improves capital efficiency, reduces future land disturbance, and aligns tailings management with life-of-mine objectives rather than treating it as a standalone infrastructure challenge. 6.6 Results Summary The performance evaluation confirms that In-Pit TSFs: • Achieve lower overall risk ratings than surface TSFs • Reduce reliance on high-consequence engineered structures • Improve long-term stability through passive containment • Enhance compliance with international tailings management standards These results support the conclusion that In-Pit TSFs represent a fundamentally safer and more sustainable alternative, rather than an incremental improvement to conventional tailings storage systems. 7. DISCUSSION
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