130 WATER MANAGEMENT IN THE MINING INDUSTRY: ADVANCES, CHALLENGES, AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES J.V. Zafra1,2, 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UTEC University, Peru, (Presenting author: jorge.zafra@mmg.com) 2Minera Las Bambas, Peru ABSTRACT Water management in the mining industry has undergone significant transformation over the past two decades, evolving from traditional end-of-pipe treatment approaches to integrated, circular economy-based systems. This manuscript reviews the development of water management concepts and trends from 2004-2025, analyzing the most relevant technological and operational advances. Current challenges including acid mine drainage (AMD), legacy contamination, and variable hydrology are examined alongside emerging solutions. The analysis reveals a general paradigm shift toward digital water management, managed aquifer recharge (MAR), and zero liquid discharge systems. Future perspectives emphasize the integration of Industry 4.0 technologies, circular economy principles, and sustainable mining practices. Key recommendations include the adoption of predictive analytics, enhanced regulatory frameworks, and collaborative approaches to address water scarcity and environmental protection in mining operations. KEYWORDS Water management, Mining industry, Acid mine drainage, Circular economy, Sustainable mining, Digital water. 1. INTRODUCTION The mining industry is one of the world's largest industrial water users, consuming 3 to 4% of global freshwater resources annually [9]. Water serves multiple critical functions in mining operations, including mineral processing, dust suppression, equipment cooling, and transportation of materials. However, mining activities, when not managed correctly, can also generate significant volumes of contaminated water through processes such as dewatering, tailings disposal, and chemical weathering of exposed rock surfaces. The relationship between mining and water resources has become increasingly complex due to growing water scarcity, stricter environmental regulations, and heightened public awareness of environmental impacts [14]. Climate change has further intensified these challenges by altering precipitation patterns and increasing the frequency of extreme weather events, affecting both water availability and contamination risks [18].
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