133 optimization with cost savings of 10-25% [15]. Automated control systems with responsive treatment adjustments based on real-time conditions, reducing manual intervention by 70-90% [5]. Table 2 shows a summary of the technologies mentioned and their main characteristics in a comparative manner. The benefits of these innovative technologies include real-time water quality and flow monitoring, predictive modeling, and treatment optimization, among others. Table 2 – Digital Water Management Technologies and Applications Technol ogy Benefits Implementation Challenges Adopt ion Rate Perce nt Cost Range USD Performance Metrics IoT Sensors Continuous data (1-15 min intervals), early warning systems, Ninety-five percent uptime Harsh environment durability (-40°C to +60°C), power supply, connectivity 65-80 $5,00050,000 per sensor network Data accuracy: ±25%, Battery life: 1-5 years AI Analyti cs optimized operations (1025% cost reduction), 8595% prediction accuracy Data quality requirements (>95% uptime), algorithm validation, expertise gap 35-50 $100,00 02,000,00 0 per system Prediction accuracy: 8595%, Cost savings: 1025% Digital Twins Risk assessment, optimization without disruption, 9098% simulation accuracy Model complexity, computational requirements, validation challenges 15-25 $500,00 05,000,00 0 per system Simulation accuracy: 9098%, Decision time: <1 hour Automa ted Control Reduced manual intervention (7090%), improved consistency, 24/7 operation Initial capital investment, system integration, maintenance requirements 45-60 $200,00 03,000,00 0 per system Response time: <5 minutes, Efficiency improvement : 15-30% Source: Adapted from Moussaoui et al., 2024 [5]; Chen et al., 2022 [16] 2.2.3 Circular Economy Approaches
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