139 Resour ce Typical Concentrati on mg L Recover y Efficien cy Percent Mark et Value USD / tone Economic Viability Technolog y Readiness Level Capit al Cost M USD Payba ck Period Years Marke t Dema nd Growt h % Annua l Lithiu m 10-500 70-90 15,00 0 High 8-9 5-25 3-7 15-25 Rare Earth Elemen ts 1-50 60-80 2,000 - 50,00 0 MediumHigh 6-8 10-50 5-12 8-15 Copper 20-200 85-95 8,000 High 9 2-15 2-5 3-8 Zinc 50-300 80-90 2,500 Medium 8-9 3-20 4-8 2-4 Sulfate 1000-10000 90-95 50 LowMedium 9 1-10 8-15 1-2 Source: Garcia et al., 2023 [19]; market data from London Metal Exchange (2024) 4.3 Nature-Based Solutions There is growing interest in nature-based solutions for mining water management, with implementation increasing by 150% since 2018 [21]. Among the most relevant and effective solutions are the constructed wetlands Constructed which offer sustainable treatment options with proven performance [21], low energy requirements (90-95% reduction compared to conventional treatment) and habitat creation benefits (supporting 20-50 species per hectare). These wetlands have shown to have long-term sustainability. Phytoremediation Plant-based treatment systems are gaining attention, with treatment efficiency of 60-90% for various contaminants [21]. 5. Conclusions and Recommendations 5.1 Key Findings ● The industry has undergone a fundamental transformation from reactive, end-of-pipe treatment to initiative-taking, integrated management systems emphasizing prevention, reuse, and resource recovery. This shift is evidenced by the 27 MAR implementations globally [3] and the adoption of circular economy principles by over 40% of major mining companies [11]. ● Digital technologies, including AI, IoT, and digital twins, are revolutionizing water management capabilities, enabling real-time monitoring, predictive analytics, and
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