195 “orphaned or abandoned territories” once remediation obligations have been fulfilled. Post-closure regulation: monitoring without governance Recent amendments to the Mine Closure Regulations incorporate the post-closure stage more clearly, establishing that the owner is responsible for monitoring and maintenance for a period of no less than five years (Art. 13-A); however, this regulation is limited to verifying the technical stability of mining components. Therefore, post-closure does not include provisions on who governs the territory, what uses may be authorized, or how these spaces are integrated into local or regional planning once the owner's period of responsibility has ended. Legal gap: Post-closure is conceived as a technical verification phase, not as a stage of long-term territorial and social management, which prevents sustainability and institutional continuity from being ensured. Lack of recognition of human rights and collective uses Neither of the two regulatory systems mentioned (mine closure and PAM) incorporates explicit provisions on the rights of local communities or indigenous and native populations with respect to post-mining territories. Citizen participation is mainly channeled through environmental procedures, with an informative or consultative approach, without recognizing rights of access, use, or conservation with respect to rehabilitated areas. In the voluntary remediation modalities of the PAM (reuse, repurposing, and alternative use), the emphasis is on private initiative, without a clear framework to guarantee territorial benefits for neighboring or affected communities. Legal gap: Peruvian legislation does not legally recognize postmining territory as a space for collective rights, limiting environmental justice and the social legitimacy of closure. Table 1 shows that, despite regulatory changes and advances in enforcement, financial guarantees, and liability for abandonment, legislation remains fragmented and focused on damage remediation rather than future governance of the territory. 2.2 Land use after mining: from technical optimization to structured choice. A significant portion of the international literature on post-mining issues focuses on land use selection (also known as PMLU) through structured decision-making processes. These studies address the complexity inherent in post-mining contexts, combining not only environmental, technical, and economic variables, but also social variables, considering integrated decision frameworks. Typical approaches consider multi-criteria decision-making models, such as the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), fuzzy logic extensions, SWOT analysis,
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