197 long-term management, challenging the idea of closure as an endpoint (Melichar, 2022; Hendrychová, 2020). While this is relevant, it should be noted that in our country, the regulatory approach continues to focus on environmental risk mitigation and financial responsibility, paying little attention to territorial consequences. As a result, closure policies tend to limit acceptable end states to biophysical and geochemical aspects, leaving issues such as land tenure, future governance, and the socioeconomic integration of post-mining territories unaddressed. This leads to responsibility being conceptualized in a restrictive manner as liability for damages, rather than as the ongoing management of transformed territories. 2.4 Social dimensions, participation, and human rights Demajorovic (2022) points out that mine closure must address social impacts and introduce the concept of “social license to close,” referring to community participation, transparency, and trust. Measham et al. (2024) also criticize the predominance of technical perspectives, raising the need for research that brings to the fore the social, cultural, and institutional dimensions of post-mining transitions. In this regard, studies focused on indigenous territories reveal structural limitations in existing governance agreements. For example, Boulot and Collins (2024) point out that even in jurisdictions with relatively advanced regulatory frameworks, closure and rehabilitation processes on indigenous lands often fail to ensure substantive control or benefits for indigenous communities. Daly et al. (2025), in examining the planning of oil sands closure, demonstrate how classic land use planning frameworks do not adequately capture indigenous peoples' relationships with the land and risk marginalizing their ancestral knowledge systems. The studies agree that participation alone is not enough. Without legal recognition of rights, authority, and long-term governance functions, communities—especially indigenous and native populations—continue to be consulted rather than involved in decision-making. 2.5 post-mining transitions, inequality, and new extractive processes There is significant critical literature that places post-mining transitions within broader political-economic dynamics. Post (2024) and Dunlap (2024) extend this critique by arguing that post-extraction and green transitions can perpetuate extractivist logic through new forms of resource use, such as tourism, renewable energy, and conservation infrastructure. Technical studies exploring climate-oriented land reuse, such as photovoltaic installations or blue and green infrastructure in post-mining areas (Xiao et al., 2025; Kantor, 2025), demonstrate significant mitigation potential. However, these studies largely abstract governance issues related to land control, benefit distribution, and social acceptance. As a result, the literature reveals a paradox: the more ambitious the post-mining transition, the greater the risk of new forms of territorial injustice emerging if governance frameworks are lacking.
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