202 Boulot & Collins, 2024; Dunlap, 2024). This weakness is particularly acute in territories with indigenous communities or strong extractive memories. In Peru, regulations on mine closure and environmental liabilities do not expressly incorporate collective rights, territorial memory, or intergenerational justice as regulatory objectives for post-closure. Result 5: New ecosystem and climate functions as post-mining opportunities: According to recent studies, post-mining territories can fulfill strategic functions in climate mitigation and adaptation, blue-green infrastructure, biodiversity restoration, and the provision of ecosystem services. However, these opportunities can only materialize when governance frameworks exist that guide and prioritize land use based on the common good, sustainability, and public objectives. In Peru, although regulations allow for “subsequent land use,” they do not strategically guide it or articulate it with climate, biodiversity, or sustainable territorial development policies. 4.2 International empirical results vs. Peruvian regulatory framework Table 3. International empirical results and status of Peruvian regulations DIMENSION INTERNATIONAL EVIDENCE CURRENT PERUVIAN FRAMEWORK Closing approach Long-term territorial transition Verifiable technicaladministrative act Temporality Planning for closure Reactive to cessation of operations Regulatory integration Integrated regulatory frameworks Separate regimes (mine closure and PAM) Social dimension Substantive participation Limited participation Territorial function Productive/ecosystem reuse Subsequent non-strategic use 4.3 Peru compared to international experiences 4.3.1 Las Médulas (Spain) Las Médulas, in the province of León, Spain, is a prime example of the transformation of a former mining enclave into a territorially governed cultural landscape, with important implications for the analysis of post-mining transitions. It is a former Roman gold mining area, which was declared a site of cultural interest in 1996 and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997 (UNESCO, 1997). From a post-mining governance perspective, the case is set in a context of political decentralization, where the autonomous communities exercise relevant powers in matters of cultural heritage and land use planning. Within this framework, the management of Las Médulas has been progressively assumed as a long-term territorial problem, rather than as a mere environmental remediation obligation resulting from the cessation of mining activity. The transition of Las Médulas has been articulated through heritage and planning instruments, rather than through sectoral regulations.
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