215 switching. High-impact measures include: • Haulage efficiency (routing/dispatch, speed and payload control, tire management). • Process and motor efficiency (grinding optimization, variable speed drives, set-point control). • Ventilation on demand and predictive maintenance enabled by monitoring and analytics. The effectiveness of renewable liquid fuels as a near‑term abatement option depends not only on technical availability but also on regulatory frameworks, including blending limits and fuel standards. In Peru, the current biodiesel blending mandate (B5) constrains the achievable emissions reductions from existing diesel‑based mining fleets, despite the technical readiness of renewable liquid fuels for heavy‑duty applications. International experience indicates that higher blending thresholds and/or the use of drop‑in renewable diesel grades can be implemented rapidly, delivering immediate lifecycle GHG reductions without requiring fleet replacement. Accordingly, policy adjustments enabling higher renewable fuel blends could unlock a scalable transition pathway while longer‑term electrification and hydrogen solutions mature. Digital monitoring and analytics enable continuous improvement and verification of efficiency gains [10]. 5.3 Renewable liquid fuels as transitional and retrofit-friendly abatement Renewable liquid fuels provide a deployment-ready pathway for existing diesel fleets and stationary engines where electrification is constrained. Drop-in renewable diesel (including HVO 100) can reduce Scope 1 emissions with limited changes to equipment and refuelling logistics; Repsol’s public reporting indicates up to ~90% lifecycle GHG reduction versus fossil diesel depending on pathway and certification [10]. 5.4 Biomethane and renewable gases for stationary uses and hybrid systems Renewable gases (including biomethane) can decarbonize stationary energy and provide dispatchable support in hybrid systems, subject to supply logistics and local infrastructure [10]. Given Peru’s energy context, natural gas is sometimes considered as a potential alternative fuel for mining‑related logistics and selected stationary applications. However, for ultra‑class haul trucks operating at high altitudes, preliminary evaluations suggest the presence of technical constraints: lower energy density and potential limitations in power delivery may challenge continuous high‑load operation, which is critical for the most fuel‑intensive open‑pit equipment. In this setting, natural gas may be viewed as a limited and transitional option for certain stationary uses or medium‑duty transport segments, while the deep decarbonization of the largest mining fleets is more likely to rely on renewable liquid fuels in the near term and on hydrogen‑based solutions over the medium to long term. 5.5 Renewable hydrogen and hydrogen derivatives for deep decarbonization
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MTM0Mzk2