227 requires investments in transmission, storage, and grid flexibility that do not currently exist at the required scale. 4.4 International Benchmark A comparison with peer mining jurisdictions reinforces both the strength of Peru’s position and the importance of maintaining it. Table 8 – International Benchmark: Mining Energy Systems in Comparative Perspective Jurisdiction Key Resources Main Strength Main Constraint Lesson for Peru Industrial Power Price Chile Hydropower, Solar (Atacama), Coal and LNG imports World-leading solar deployment; low generation costs Transmission congestion; large-scale curtailment; continued coal dependency; high prices High renewable penetration requires parallel infrastructure — speed without flexibility creates new costs 166 USD/ MW.h Colombia Hydropower (~70%), thermal backup Low-carbon baseline; hydro cost efficiency Hydrological vulnerability; drought forces expensive thermal backup Even lowcarbon systems need dispatchable backup — reliability cannot be assumed 203 USD/ MW.h Canada (remote) Diesel, some hydro, hybrid pilots Frontier hybrid system experience Geographic isolation; high diesel dependence; infrastructure costs prohibitive at scale Modular and LNG-based solutions can bridge remote energy gaps, but scale remains a challenge 108 USD/ MW.h Australia Gas, coal, expanding renewables Abundant domestic gas; sophisticated power market Grid integration challenges; coal phase-out Domestic gas as price anchor works — but requires long240 USD/ MW.h
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