229 Sector Fuel Emission Factor (tCO₂/unit) Power sector (tCO₂/MWh) Diesel and residual 0.818 Power sector (tCO₂/MWh) Natural gas 0.430 Industrial sector (tCO₂/GJ) Industrial fuel oil No. 6 0.077 Industrial sector (tCO₂/GJ) Coal 0.096 Industrial sector (tCO₂/GJ) Natural gas 0.055 Transport sector (tCO₂/GJ) Gasoline 0.059 Transport sector (tCO₂/GJ) Natural gas for vehicles (NGV) 0.039 Source: Osinergmin (2026). Key substitution opportunities in the mining value chain include: – On-site and backup power generation: gas replacing diesel-based systems improves both emissions performance and cost stability. – Transport and logistics: CNG for light and medium vehicles, and LNG for heavy-duty and long-distance operations, can progressively displace diesel. – Thermal and metallurgical processes: natural gas can substitute fuel oil in smelting, refining, drying, and steam generation, offering advantages in combustion control and heat quality. 5.2 Quantified Emissions Impact Table 10 — Avoided CO₂e Emissions: Scenario with and without Natural Gas (2005– 2030) Scenario Total 2005–2023 (Mt CO₂e) Total 2024–2030 (Mt CO₂e) Grand Total (Mt CO₂e) With Natural Gas 255.65 128.72 384.37 Without Natural Gas 302.51 183.56 486.07 Avoided emissions 46.86 54.84 101.70 Percentage reduction 15.49% 29.87% 20.92%
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