265 The satellite data is used for historical analysis, ongoing monitoring, and change detection, enabling measurement of total managed surface area, disturbed and rehabilitated areas, changes in land and ecosystem use. Airborne LiDAR is applied to assess high resolution 3D, large-scale volume, structure, and complexity, including forest cover, habitat change, ecosystem integrity, and habitat connectivity, as well as indicators related to species richness and abundance. Terrestrial LiDAR, operating at sub-centimetre resolution, is used for ground-based validation and AI training. This data supports detailed measurement of vegetation structure, calculation of biomass, and indication of biodiversity condition. In addition, 360-degree camera capture enables immersive visualisation of forest environments, allowing areas of complex or inaccessible terrain to be experienced virtually through the Green Cubes platform. Fauna monitoring is supported through AI-trained camera traps and audio traps, which provide ground-truth verification of species presence through image and sound recording. These tools enable the measurement of biodiversity-related indicators such as Mean Species Abundance, Potentially Disappeared Fraction, and Species Threat Abatement and Restoration metrics. Subsurface analysis is further supported using ground-penetrating radar, which enables measurement and analysis of root systems and below-ground structure. All captured data is integrated into the online Green Cubes platform, creating a digital window into the forest environment. The platform supports both reporting and scientific analysis, while also enabling immersive engagement for internal and external stakeholders. The Green Cubes partner ecosystem is supported by a growing network of over 50 partnerships spanning scientific research, education, assurance, and regulatory development. Early implementation of the methodology took place in collaboration with the University of Vienna at the La Gamba Tropical Research Station in Costa Rica, where the approach was co-developed and adapted in collaboration with top academic researchers. In Brazil, Green Cubes has been applied in partnership with the Atlantic Forest Research and Conservation Alliance (Green Cubes, 2025., ARAÇÁ case study), a research initiative operating in the Amazon region. In this context, the methodology supports biodiversity monitoring and contributes to the exploration of natural capital through defined monitoring units, while also supporting initiatives focused on communicating biodiversity through immersive visualization. Members of the Green Cubes team are technical advisors to both Colorado School of Mines and The Center for Environmentally Sustainable Mining at University of Arizona. Additional collaborations include work with assurance and reporting partners to explore how digital twin approaches can support biodiversity monitoring, reporting, and verification. Green Cubes also engages with academic institutions in advisory roles and works closely with mining operators through customer-led development, collaborating directly with environmental departments and biodiversity specialists. Ongoing engagement with emerging biodiversity reporting initiatives seeks to contribute to the development of regulatory for the extraction industry.
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