11 28 frequently results in fatal incidents. These activities lead to serious environmental and social impacts, such as declining water quality, altered landscapes (due to land clearing and erosion), and socio-economic consequences, specifically the decreased productivity of agricultural land surrounding the mines due to waste contamination. The government and law enforcement agencies, such as the Jambi Regional Police (Polda Jambi) and joint task forces, continuously strive to eradicate these activities through patrols, arrests, and the destruction of heavy machinery and mining rafts onsite. Furthermore, the government is currently formulating long-term solutions, including the proposed establishment of People’s Mining Areas (WPR) to manage small-scale mining legally. Figure 4 – Illegal mining involving heavy machinery • Informal Tin Mining in Bangka Belitung: This mining activity has led to severe environmental and social issues, including degraded landscapes and social conflicts. Even with the new regulation (Law No. 3/2020), illegal practices have not significantly decreased. Figure 5 – Abandoned tin mining pits locally known as "kolong" When flying to Pangkalpinang, the capital of the Bangka Belitung Islands, one can see dozens of blue and green lakes upon descent. These lakes are not natural formations but abandoned tin mining pits called "kolong." Many of these illegal pits emerged during the 2000s. These areas were once more than just scrubland; they were plantations,
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