284 Table 1 – TSF failure modes mapped to DFOS and example actions linked to TARP DFOS module Primary signal / feature Indicative TSF failure mechanism Example operational action (TARP‑linked) DTS Passive seasonal temperature signature over time and space Preferential seepage pathway; drain performance change; wetting front / moisture content change (supports internal erosion risk management) [5][7][8] Targeted drain/toe inspection; adjust pond management; localised remediation; increase sampling frequency [4][5][8] DSS (Brillouin) Strain localisation; strain‑rate acceleration; differential response across raises Settlement; shear deformation; crack initiation; raise instability [7][9] Verify with survey and pore pressure; prioritise geotechnical investigation; implement staged raise/buttress; escalate per TARP thresholds [6][7] DAS (Rayleigh) Strain rates; spectral energy; coherence; relative velocity change via ANI Dynamic precursors and change detection: evolving saturation/porosity signatures; operational disturbances (traffic/blasting); seismic response context [2][3] Classify events vs baseline; impose operational constraints if anomalies persist; trigger enhanced inspections and complementary measurements; run repeat ANI survey for change confirmation [2][13] 4.2 From sensing to governance: implementation, and adoption pathway TSF DFOS programs succeed when the sensing system is delivered as an end‑to‑end monitoring capability, not as a stand‑alone instrument stream. This requires (1) fit‑for‑purpose fibre specs, layout design and installation practices, (2) commissioning and QA/QC that establish calibrated baselines, (3) interpretation workflows that connect DFOS measurements to TSF risk mechanisms, and (4) a ‘decision translation’ layer that aligns outputs to TARPs, and
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