289 KEYWORDS island ecosystems, digital twin, quarry environmental impact, land–sea interaction modeling 1. INTRODUCTION Quarrying can affect sensitive island environments through fugitive dust emissions, noise and vibration, traffic, and disturbance of soils and habitats. In coastal settings, airborne particles may be advected offshore and subsequently transported by ocean currents, creating coupled land–sea exposure pathways. These pathways are often not quantified when atmospheric dispersion and marine transport are assessed separately, motivating an integrated approach.
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