362 4. Results, outcomes, or performance 4.1 State-of-the-art theme consolidation The bibliometric mapping and the deep-reading synthesis converge on four recurring pathway clusters in mining circularity and recovery: − Tailings reprocessing and valorization − Metal recovery from secondary resources and industrial residues − Mine-water management and recycling (including acid mine drainage contexts) − Cross-industry valorization consistent with industrial symbiosis This consolidation is consistent with sector-level reviews that map circular opportunities by stream type and intervention point (Khan & Magweregwede, 2025) and with technical reviews that classify recovery options by residue classes (Kaya et al., 2020; Tezyapar Kara et al., 2023). 4.2 Waste stream families (inputs) Across the 18 papers, circular recovery begins from a defined waste stream that carries both risk and remaining material value. The dominant input families are (a) solid mining and mineral-processing residues such as tailings (Pan et al., 2025; Peng et al., 2025), (b) metallurgical and industrial residues such as slags and secondary solids (Li et al., 2025; Kaya et al., 2020), and (c) aqueous streams such as mine-impacted water and acid mine drainage, where treatment can be designed for recovery and reuse (Mulopo, 2022; Wibowo et al., 2025). For each family, papers typically describe composition, contaminant profiles, and why the stream is both a liability and a resource opportunity. 4.3 Mechanism families (process pathways) Process mechanisms cluster into: − Hydrometallurgical and chemical separation routes, including leaching, impurity control, and selective recovery steps (Kaya et al., 2020; Omri et al., 2025; Peng et al., 2025). − Electrochemical and separation routes, which emphasize controlled recovery conditions and trade-offs between operational complexity and selectivity (Mourdikoudis & DominguezBenetton, 2025). − Adsorption and media-based recovery, where selectivity and regeneration behavior shape performance (Asif et al., 2025; Wibowo et al., 2025). − Biological pathways, including bioleaching and biomining frames applied to wastes and byproducts (Tezyapar Kara et al., 2023; Cozma et al., 2024). 4.4 Performance reporting and traceability to operational and economic outcomes
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